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# River Regulation Decreases Genetic Health of a Sensitive Frog, *Rana boylii*

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## Ryan Peek
### PhD Candidate, Ecology
### *2018/01/11 11:25am*
 
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## Acknowledgements

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- ### Mike Miller & Sean O'Rourke

- ### Center for Watershed Sciences

- ### Brad Shaffer

- ### Amy Lind

- ### Corey Luna, many field helpers, SYRCL, Sierra Streams Institute

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### "The face of the water, in time, became a wonderful book--a book that was a dead language to the uneducated passenger, but which told its mind to me without reserve… And it was not a book to be read once and thrown aside, for it had a new story to tell every day” (*Mark Twain, Two Views of the Mississippi, 1883*)

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## The abridged history of Sierra Nevada Rivers

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 - ### Rivers flow largely uninterrupted for 20,000+ years

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 - ### Hydraulic Mining begins in 1853, banned in 1884.

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 - ### Regulation via dams/diversion/hydropower (1930's-today)

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# CA Anthropogenic Legacy: Mining

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# CA Dammed Rivers

???

Hydroelectric power generation comprises over half of all renewable energy generation in California (California Energy Commission 2010

Majority (84%) of dams are for:
47% Irrigation (n=709)
23% Water supply (n=342)
14% Hydroelectric (n=207)

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- **Over 1,400 large dams (NID 2007)**

- **Residential energy demands expected to increase by 24% by 2035 (US EIA 2010)**

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### Unreg. flow patterns, high seasonality & predictability

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### Reg. flow patterns limit connectivity, disrupt predictability

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### Small populations with limited connectivity may have reduced adaptive potential, or genetic health

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# Foothill yellow-legged frogs (*Rana boylii*)

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- ### Obligate river breeding frog, uses wide range of habitat, but has disappeared from over 50% of historical range

- ### Being evaluated as candidate for state and federal listing under ESA

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![](images/rabo_range_poly.png)

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# *FYLF* make excellent hydrologic indicators

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- ### *R. boylii* strongly linked with local hydrology, and thus the hydrologic history
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- ### Spawning timing & habitat selection is tied to receding flow cues & increasing water temperatures
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???

- ### 90% of eggs observed in Sierras were in shallow, sheltered waters (n=147) (Bondi et al. 2013)
 - **< 0.67 m total depth**
 - **< 0.15 m/s velocity**

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# Study

### Has river (flow) regulation caused genetic fragmentation in *R. boylii*?

### Can we quantify this genetic signature for specific hydrologic flow regimes?

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 - ### Use genome-wide methods RADSeq/RAPTURE (*Ali et al. 2016*)

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## Study Area

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### Study Area: American Watershed

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### Hydrographs: Unimpaired

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### Hydrographs: Unimpaired

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### Hydrographs: Impaired (Hydropeaking)

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### Hydrographs: Impaired (Hydropeaking)

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# RESULTS: Anomolous genetic pattern in highly regulated MF American watershed

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### PCA: Sierra Nevada

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Why does structure matter? Indicates loss of variation, potential limited connectivity, small population sizes, isolation, divergence, etc.
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### PCA: Unimpaired NF American

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### PCA: Impaired (hydropeaking) MF American

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## Assessing Population Connectivity using FST (Wright 1950):

### a measure of population differentiation due to genetic structure

- ### Scaled 0=(panmixis) to 1=(completely different)

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## FST vs. River Distance

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# Evidence of Bottlenecks/Limited Genetic Variation for Impaired Flow Types

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### Loss of genetic diversity in regulated systems >> unregulated

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## River regulation is the strongest predictor of population isolation, NOT distance!
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## Boosted Regression Tree Models
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# Summary:

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### Flow alteration is having a direct impact on a hydrologically sensitive species at a genomic level

### The current population trajectory is highly concerning in Sierras

### Flow management and listing distinct population segments may afford some protection...

### RAPTURE/RADSeq is a powerful & effective method

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# Thank you!

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### *Slides* : ryanpeek.github.io/presentations

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